SEMESTER
ASSIGMENT
“RELATIVE PRONOUNS"
By:
1.
ANDINI MUSTIKA SARI
(1200555)
2.
DENI OKTA NADIA
(1200672)
3.
EZY ZURRIYATI
(1200651)
4.
HAFFIT MUFARRID
(1200642)
5.
RAHMA WITTA
(1200678)
6.
RAMA YANTI
(1200715)
Reguler
13
Lecture:
Mai Sri Lena, S.Pd, M.Pd
PENDIDIKAN GURU
SEKOLAH DASAR
FAKULTAS ILMU
PENDIDIKAN
UPP IV
BUKITTINGGI
UNIVERSITAS
NEGERI PADANG
2013
CHAPTER VIII
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
A
relative pronoun is a word that we use to combine two sentences (or more) into
one sentence without having to repeat the word that is common to both sentences.
Relative pronouns sometimes are called conjunctive pronouns, because of their
connecting force. The relative pronoun what is peculiar in this respect; it has
no antecedent, but fills the place of both antecedent and relative pronoun.
Relative pronouns that introduce a restrictive relative clause are not separate
from the main clause by a comma. Restrictive
relative clauses (also known as defining relative clauses) add essential
information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is crucial
for understanding the sentence is meaning correctly and cannot be omitted. In
other words, without the restrictive relative clause, the sentence does not
make sense. English has other words besides “that” that can serve as relative
pronouns, e.g. which, who, whom, and whose. In general, the
relative pronouns that begin with the letters wh-are considered more literate.Moreover, the relative pronoun agrees with its
antecedent or can used to show the subject, object, and possessive, such as
person, number, and gender. Relative pronoun used after a noun, to make if
clear which person or thing we are talking about and to tell us more about a person
or thing.Relative pronouns consist of two types, namely :
Relative clause and Relative adverb.
A.
Relative
Clause
A relative clause is a
kind of subordinate clause which is attached to a noun within a noun phrase. A
relative clause can be defining or non-defining. A defining relative clause is
required to identify the noun it is attached to. In contrast, a non-defining
relative clause is not required for identification; it only provides additional
information.
Relative pronoun is the part of relative clause there oncomplex sentence. In addition, the complex sentence is the combination from independent
clause and subordinate clause (relative
clause).
Examples:
Relative
pronoun = that
Relative
Clause = that I bought last week
Complex
Sentence = It is the bicycle that I bought
last week.
1.
Defining relative
Just explain limited to the subject and written without
commas.
Example:
The boy who broke the school-window is Tom.
The
characteristics of defining relative clause:
a.
They add information to a sentence
b.
They are needed or the sentence
would be incomplete
c.
They usually go immediately after
the noun they refer to Necesary
information
d.
Essential to the meaning of the main sentence
e.
Relative pronouns can be omitted when they
are the object of the relative clause
f.
The relative clause is not put in
commas
Example:
Peoplewhoparkillegally are fined.
2.
Non-defining relative
Explaining not limited only to the
subject but there is some more information about the subject itself and written
with a comma.
Example:
Tom, who is naughty boy, broke the school-window
The
characteristics of Non-Defining Relative:
a. We add
information but the sentence is complete without them
b. They go
between commas
c. We can’t use
THAT
d. We can’t
omit the pronoun
e. It’s formal
style
Different Between Defining And Non
Defining Relative Clause
|
Defining relative clause
|
Non defining relative clause
|
|
1.
Identify the thing so a that you are talking about
2.
That can replace “who”or”which
3.
The relative pronoun can be left out if refers to the object
4.
No commas
Example :
Wearning the skirt that I bought in london
|
1.
Give additional, non – essential information
2.
That can’t be used
3.
The relative pronoun can’t be left out
4.
Must have commas
Example :
The skirt, which is lovely blue dark colour, only cost
Rp.50.000
|
Relative
Pronouns InRestrictive Relative Clauses
Relative pronouns that introduce a restrictive
relative clause ARE NOT separated from the main clause by a comma. Restrictive
relative clauses (also known as defining relative clauses) add
essential information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information
is crucial for understanding the sentence's meaning correctly and cannot be
omitted. In other words, without the restrictive relative clause, the sentence
does not make sense.
a. Relative pronouns used as a subject
of a restrictive relative clause
Examples:
This
is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.
It
took me a while to get used to people who eat popcorn during
the movie.
b.
Relative pronouns used as
an object in a restrictive relative clause
As can
be seen from the table, referring to a person or thing, the relative pronoun
may be omitted in the object position, but formal English includes the relative
pronoun. When the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, which is used instead of that, for example, "in which," "for which," "about which," "through which," etc.
Examples:
This
is the man I wanted to speak to and whose name I'd forgotten
In
American English, the word whom
is not used very often. "Whom" is more formal than "who" and is very often omitted while speaking.
Example:
The woman to whom you have just spoken is my teacher.
c.
Relative pronouns used as
a possessive in a restrictive relative clause
Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun in English. The antecedent of "whose" can be both people and
things
Example:
The
family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a
complimentary suite in a hotel.
Relative Pronouns In Non-Restrictive Relative Clauses
Although similar in use, relative pronouns that
introduce a non-restrictive relative clauses are separated from the main clause
by a comma (in most instances). Typically, whichis the
preferred relative pronoun for indicating that a relative clause is non-restrictive.
Non-restrictive relative clauses (also known as non-defining relative
clauses) provide non-essential information about the
antecedent in the main clause. The information is not crucial for understanding
the sentence's meaning correctly and can be omitted without affecting the
sentence's meaning. In other words, non-restrictive relative clauses are an
aside that adds extra information.
a.
Relative pronouns used
as a subject of a non-restrictive relative clause:
Examples:
The science fair, whichlasted
all day, ended with an awards ceremony.
The movie turned out to be a blockbuster hit, which
came as a surprise to critics.
b.
Relative pronouns used
as an object in a non-restrictive relative clause:
Example:
The
sculpture, which he admired, was moved into the basement of
the museum to make room for a new exhibit.
Reducing Relative Clauses
Some types of relative clauses can be
“reduced”— the relative pronoun and maybe other words can be removed. You might
reduce the clause to make your writing more concise or to add sentence variety.
We’ll use the examples above to demonstrate how to reduce both restrictive and
non-restrictive clauses.
Restrictive
relative clauses can be reduced in two ways:
a. Subject
pronouns can be deleted if –ing is added to the verb.
Examples:
I
like the paintings that hang in the SASB North lobby.
I
like the paintings hanging in the SASB North lobby.
b. Object
pronouns can be deleted.
Examples:
I
like the bike that my father gave me.
I
like the bike my father gave me.
I
hope I hear from the person whom I spent hours talking with last night.
I
hope to hear from the person I spent hours talking with last night.
Non-restrictive
relative clauses can be reduced in one way:
a. Subject
pronouns with “be” verbs can be deleted in non-restrictive clauses.
Examples:
I
am moving to Louisville, KY, which is home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
I
am moving to Louisville, KY, home to the Muhammad Ali Museum.
My
mother, who is an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.
My
mother, an excellent cook, is thinking of opening a restaurant.
Subject-Verb Agreement in Relative Clauses
Remember that the relative pronoun is
substituting for a noun, which could be singular or plural before the
substitution. The verb in the relative clause must agree with the original
noun.
Examples:
People
are lucky. People win the lottery.
People
who win the lottery are lucky. (plural verb)
A
person is lucky. She wins the lottery every year.
A
person who wins the lottery every year is lucky. (singular verb)
This can be tricky in “one of the…”
constructions. The key is to find which noun the relative pronoun is referring
to.
Examples:
Homelessness
is a problem. The problem needs to be addressed.
Homelessness
is a problem that needs to be addressed. (singular problem)
Many
problem needs to be addressed. Homelessness is one of the problems.
Homelessness
is one of the problems that need to be addressed. (plural problems)
Relative Clause consists with:
- Who
Who is the subject or object pronoun for
people.
Who used to:
· Introduce a relative clause about a
person or people. Who replaces that and which when the reference is to a person or people.
Examples:
High-school students who want to
design computer software should go to college.
The high-school student, who wants
to design computer software, should go to college.
· That is preferable
Example:
The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
The boy who accompanied me last
night is my boy friend.
·
To common in spoken English and informal written
English.
Example:
Mrs. Pratt, who I like very much, is my teacher.
- That
That is the subject or object pronoun for
people, animals, and things in difining relative clauses.
a.
Used to:
·
We can use that in the beginning of the clauses, but we don’t use that
as a subject in this kind of relative pronoun, or we can use that for peoples.
Examples:
The house that Jack built is large.
The
flowers that there in the yard makes my heart more enjoy.
·
To
refer to the characteristics or abilities of an individual or a group of people
Examples:
He is the
kind of person that will never
let you down.
Roses is
the kind of flower that so beautiful.
b. There are several cases when that is more appropriate than which
· After the pronouns "all," "any(thing)," "every(thing)," "few," "little," "many," "much," "no(thing)," "none," "some(thing)".
Examples:
The police
usually ask for every detail that helps identify the missing
person.
Dessert is
all that he wants.
·
After
the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree:
Example:
This is
the best resource that I have ever read!
- Whom
Is the subject or object for people,
especially in non-defining relative clauses.
Whomused to:
·
For
object of a verb or preposition
Examples:
This is George, whom you met at our
house last year.
He is my boyfriend, whom you met
last night.
·
Replace
the object pronouns me, her, him, us and them
Examples:
The man whom you helped yesterday is my father.
They tell
us about his problems and his experiences.
- Which
This is the preferred relative
pronoun for indicating that a relative clause is non-restrictive.Non-restrictive relative clauses
(also known as non-defining relative clauses) provide non-essential
information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is not
crucial for understanding the sentence's meaning correctly and can be omitted
without affecting the sentence's meaning. In other words, non-restrictive
relative clauses are an aside that adds extra information.
a. Used to:
· To introduces a relative clause that
does not provide essential information.
Example:
Lake Superior, which is the deepest
of the Great Lakes, is the largest freshwater lake in the world.
· To modify thing that functions as a
subject.
Example:
The cat, which has eaten some fish,
is sleeping under a table.
- Whose
Whose use the only possessive relative
pronoun in English. The antecedent of "whose" can be both people and things:
Whoseused to:
·
To
replace the position of possessive adjective (for human only)
Example:
The
family whose house burnt in the
fire was immediately give a complimentary suite in a hotel.
· To show the possession and relationship.
Example: The Lady whose child is in hospital now is my
neighbor.
Relations between All of The Relative Pronouns Words
a. "That" vs. "Who" and "Which"
The relative pronoun that can only be used in
restrictive clauses. It can also be substituted for who(referring to persons) or which (referring to things) in
informal English. Whereas that is often used while speaking,who and which are
more common in formal written English.
Examples:
Conversational, Informal: William
Kellogg was the man that lived in the late nineteenth century and had some weird ideas about
raising children.
Written, Formal: William Kellogg
was the man who lived
in the late nineteenth century and had some weird ideas about raising children.
Conversational, Informal: The café
that sells
the best coffee in town has recently been closed.
Written, Formal: The café, which sells the best coffee in town, has recently been closed.
b.
That / Who
When referring to people, both thatand who can be used in informal
language. "That" may be used to refer to the characteristics
or abilities of an individual or a group of people:
Examples:
He is the kind of person that/who will never let you down.
I am looking for someone that/who could give me a ride to
Chicago.
However, when speaking about a particular person in formal language, who is preferred:
Examples:
The old lady who lives next door is a teacher.
The girl who wore a red dress attracted everybody's attention at the party.
c.
That/ Which
There are several cases when that is more appropriate than
which:
·
After the pronouns "all,"
"any(thing)," "every(thing)," "few,"
"little," "many," "much,"
"no(thing)," "none," "some(thing)":
Example:
The police usually ask for every
detail that helps
identify the missing person.
Dessert is all that he wants.
·
After the noun modified by an
adjective in the superlative degree:
Example:
This is the best resource that I have ever read!
Omission of
the Relative Pronouns
a.
We omit the pronoun if it is not the subject
Examples:
She loves the chocolate (which/that)I
bought.
We went to the village (which/that)Lucy
recommended.
b.
We can’t omit the pronoun if it is
the subject, neither where or whose
Examples:
I am looking for a secretary who can
use a computer well.
She has a son who is a doctor.
B. Relative
Adverb
Relative adverb is an
adverb that introduces a clause qualifying an antecedent (as when
in the
season when roses bloom; where in entered the room where they were
sitting;
and why in the reason why he did it)
Relative adverb can be
use instead of a relative pronoun plus preposition. This often makes the
sentences easier to understand.
a). Relative
adverb consists of:
1. When
Used refers to a time expressions,
such asperiod, moment,
day, etc…
Examples:
I go there on Sunday when she go to
market.
I’llneverforgetthedaywhen
I firstmethim.
2. Where
Used refers to a placesuch as; house, street, town and country.
Examples:
I meet them in my campus today.
We went to Kuta beach where located
in Bali.
3. Why
Used refers to a person and the
reasons.
Examples:
I do not why she does this to me.
They ask me why I look so sad.
b). Some Pronouns Can Change
Their Form
·
It
depends whether they are subject or object of the sentence
·
sounds
complicated, but it isn’t really
Examples:
I have killed
him (I is the subject, him is the object).
He has killed me
(He is the subject, me is the object)
c). Relative Adverb Clauses
Relative adverb clauses are subject and predicate (finite
verb) structures carrying out the
grammatical functions attributed to an adverb modifier. They are introduced by the relativeadverbswhen, where, and why, expressing such meanings as time, place, and reason. They differ from relative
adjective clauses only with regard to the grammatical functions that the
pronouns carry out within their own clauses. Similarly, these relatives carry
out the grammatical function of connector.
As sentence constituents they both modify or refer back to an antecedent in the independent
clause, which is a noun or its
replacement.
The relativeadverbwhere begins a clause that modifies a
noun of place. For example, 'My family now lives in the town where my grandfather used to be sheriff.' The relative
pronoun where modifies the verb
used to be, but the entire
clause modifies the noun town.
·
A when clause modifies nouns of time.
Example:
My favorite day of the week is Friday, when the weekend is about to
begin.
·
A why clause modifies the noun reason.
Do you know the reason why school is out today?
Sometimes the relative adverb is
left out of these clauses, and the writer substitutes thatinstead.
Examples:
Do you know the
reason that school is out
today?'"
C. Conclusion
So,
we can get the conclusions that, relative pronoun isa relative pronoun is a word that we
use to combine two sentences (or more) into one sentence without having to
repeat the word that is common to both sentences. Relative pronoun has two
types; there are relative clause (who, whom, whose, which, that) and relative
adverb (where, when, and why). Restrictive
relative clauses (also known as defining relative clauses) add essential
information about the antecedent in the main clause. The information is crucial
for understanding the sentence is meaning correctly and cannot omit. There are
use as a subject or object pronoun for peoples, animals, and things.
D.
Questions
1. Ahmad
is the skydiver . . . . . broke his back
last week
2. That
is a promise . . . . . cannot be broken
3. That
is a problem . . . . can’t be solved without a calculator.
4. That
is a book . . . . I have not yet read
5. The hotel. . . . . we stayed was good.
6. This
is the boy . . . . . had an accident.
7. Can
I talk to the girl . . . . . is sitting on the bench?
8. The company . . . CEO is under investigation, is doing
very badly.
9. Excuse
me but shouldn't you say to . . . . does
that car belong?
10. Well,
I should say someone for . . . . . money is no object.
E. References
Phytian, B.A.2012. Correct English: PedomanBelajarBahasaInggris.
Jakarta: Indeks
Straus, Jean.2011.BukuPanduan Grammar
& Punctuation.Jakarta :Indeks
8. Answer Keys for the
Questions in Chapter VIII
1.
That
2.
Which
3.
That
4.
Which
5.
Where
6.
Who
7.
Who
8.
Whose
9. Whom
10.
Whom
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